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Table 1 Risk of Bias (ROB); Green (+) circles indicate low risk of bias, red (-) circles indicate high risk of bias, and yellow (?) circles indicate uncertainty. (Antczak et al., 2011); (Antczak et al., 2017); (Ayanampudi et al., 2022); (Chalah et al., 2022); (Chen et al., 2022); (Collins et al., 2022); (Ding et al., 2024); (Donse et al., 2017); (Eghbali et al., 2023); (Feng et al., 2019); (Frase et al., 2019); (Gajadien et al., 2023); (Guo et al., 2023); (Hines et al., 2021); (Holbert et al., 2023); (Huang et al., 2018); (Khedr et al., 2024); (L. Zhu et al., 2024); (Lin et al., 2023); (Lu et al., 2022); (M. P. Li et al., 2022); (Motamedi et al., 2023); (Nardone et al., 2020); (Pu et al., 2023); (Sadeghniiat et al., 2024); (Saebipour et al., 2015); (Shi et al., 2021); (Song et al., 2019); (Wang et al., 2020); (Wang et al., 2022); (Wu et al., 2021); (X. Zhu et al., 2024); (X. Xu et al., 2024); (You et al., 2023); (Z. Li et al., 2022); (Zhang et al., 2020); (Zhang et al., 2022); (Zhang et al., 2023); (Zhao et al., 2024); (Zhou et al., 2020); (Zhou et al., 2022); (Zhou et al., 2024); (Zhu et al., 2023)

From: Effectiveness of non-invasive brain stimulation in improving sleep quality in insomnia: a systematic review