Table 4 Estimates from general linear models of cognitive functioning by background variables among older women SAGE- 2015
Variables | Unadjusted coefficients (95% CI) | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Adjusted coefficients (95% CI) | Adjusted coefficients (95% CI) | Adjusted coefficients (95% CI) | ||
Sleep quality | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Good | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
Moderate | -2.36*** (-3.79 - -0.92) | -1.30** (-2.59 - -0.017) | -1.33** (-2.64 - -0.028) | -0.99 (-2.27–0.29) |
Poor | -3.15** (-5.79 - -0.52) | -1.98* (-4.30–0.34) | -2.29* (-4.60–0.020) | -1.74 (-4.16–0.67) |
Sleep duration | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Normal | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
Short | -2.72*** (-4.64 - -0.81) | -1.42 (-3.21–0.36) | -1.43 (-3.31–0.44) | -1.27 (-3.16–0.63) |
Long | 1.04 (-0.42–2.50) | 0.20 (-1.05–1.45) | 0.16 (-1.11–1.42) | 0.53 (-0.71–1.76) |
Age (in years) | Â | Â | Â | Â |
50–59 | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
60–69 | -3.01*** (-4.46 - -1.56) | -1.70** (-3.02 - -0.37) | -1.74*** (-3.06 - -0.42) | -1.32** (-2.58 - -0.065) |
70–79 | -7.42*** (-8.98 - -5.86) | -4.99*** (-6.64 - -3.34) | -5.13*** (-6.76 - -3.50) | -4.20*** (-5.82 - -2.57) |
80+ | -9.60*** (-12.8 - -6.37) | -5.94*** (-9.35 - -2.53) | -6.37*** (-9.79 - -2.94) | -3.34* (-6.89–0.22) |
Level of education | Â | Â | Â | Â |
No formal education | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
Less than primary | 5.83*** (3.70–7.97) | 4.89*** (2.70–7.08) | 3.72*** (1.55–5.89) | 3.32*** (1.19–5.46) |
Primary | 9.02*** (7.27–10.8) | 8.36*** (6.55–10.2) | 6.90*** (5.06–8.73) | 6.49*** (4.61–8.38) |
Secondary | 11.7*** (9.34–14.0) | 10.6*** (8.17–13.0) | 8.64*** (6.07–11.2) | 7.75*** (5.08–10.4) |
High school | 16.6*** (12.8–20.4) | 15.8*** (12.0–19.6) | 13.2*** (9.49–16.9) | 12.3*** (8.76–15.9) |
College | 18.8*** (15.3–22.2) | 18.3*** (14.7–21.9) | 14.9*** (11.0–18.9) | 13.2*** (9.31–17.1) |
Current marital status | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Married | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
Widowed | -4.92*** (-6.23 - -3.61) | -1.97*** (-3.30 - -0.63) | -1.89*** (-3.24 - -0.55) | -1.54** (-2.83 - -0.26) |
Others | -0.94 (-5.48–3.59) | -1.73 (-6.06–2.60) | -1.02 (-5.11–3.07) | 0.51 (-3.67–4.69) |
Nutritional intake (> 4 times per day) |  |  |  |  |
No | Ref. | Â | Â | Ref. |
Yes | 3.59*** (1.97–5.20) |  |  | 2.83*** (1.27–4.40) |
Body mass index | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Underweight | Ref. | Â | Â | Ref. |
Normal | 4.41*** (3.03–5.78) |  |  | 2.14*** (0.81–3.48) |
Overweight | 8.38*** (6.22–10.5) |  |  | 3.25*** (1.13–5.38) |
Obese | 9.44*** (6.84–12.0) |  |  | 4.04*** (1.34–6.73) |
Physical activity | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Vigorous | Ref. | Â | Â | Ref. |
Moderate | 3.66*** (1.31–6.01) |  |  | 2.56** (0.32–4.81) |
Light | 1.69 (-1.26–4.64) |  |  | 2.24 (-0.58–5.06) |
None | 0.11 (-2.14–2.37) |  |  | 0.90 (-1.33–3.13) |
Self-rated health | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Very good | Ref. | Â | Â | Ref. |
Good | -4.54** (-8.14 - -0.94) |  |  | -0.64 (-4.24–2.96) |
Moderate | -7.23*** (-10.7 - -3.73) |  |  | -1.89 (-5.44–1.67) |
Bad | -9.99*** (-13.7 - -6.32) |  |  | -2.93 (-6.72–0.86) |
Very bad | -14.8*** (-21.6 - -7.97) |  |  | -2.62 (-10.5–5.27) |
Chronic conditions | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Zero | Ref. | Â | Â | Ref. |
Single | 0.34 (-1.15–1.83) |  |  | -0.62 (-1.97–0.73) |
Two | 2.28** (0.48–4.09) |  |  | 0.37 (-1.33–2.07) |
Three and more | 2.36 (-1.46–6.19) |  |  | -1.62 (-5.05–1.80) |
Smoking | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Never | Ref. | Â | Â | Ref. |
Currently not | -2.51** (-5.01 - -0.0070) |  |  | -1.09 (-3.20–1.01) |
Currently smoking | -2.49*** (-4.35 - -0.64) |  |  | 1.16 (-0.57–2.89) |
Wealth quintile | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Poorest | Ref. | Â | Ref. | Ref. |
Poor | 0.96 (-0.67–2.58) |  | 0.35 (-1.37–2.06) | 0.28 (-1.40–1.96) |
Middle | 2.91*** (0.84–4.99) |  | 1.07 (-0.98–3.12) | 1.01 (-0.99–3.01) |
Rich | 3.88*** (2.14–5.62) |  | 1.36 (-0.40–3.12) | 0.68 (-1.10–2.45) |
Richest | 9.33*** (7.48–11.2) |  | 3.60*** (1.74–5.47) | 2.94*** (1.04–4.84) |
Religion | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Hindu | Ref. | Â | Ref. | Ref. |
Muslim | 0.96 (-0.82–2.75) |  | 1.78* (-0.052–3.61) | 1.53 (-0.32–3.38) |
Others | 0.85 (-1.56–3.26) |  | 1.52 (-0.67–3.70) | 1.26 (-0.97–3.49) |
Social group | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Scheduled castes | Ref. | Â | Ref. | Ref. |
Scheduled tribes | -0.83 (-2.82–1.15) |  | -0.53 (-2.52–1.45) | -0.69 (-2.68–1.30) |
Other backward classes | 2.48** (0.58–4.37) |  | 0.75 (-1.06–2.57) | 0.54 (-1.28–2.37) |
Others | 4.42*** (2.49–6.34) |  | 1.31 (-0.58–3.20) | 1.21 (-0.71–3.12) |
Place of residence | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Urban | Ref. | Â | Ref. | Ref. |
Rural | -4.21*** (-6.09 - -2.33) |  | -1.06 (-2.92–0.80) | -0.63 (-2.43–1.17) |
States | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Assam | Ref. | Â | Ref. | Ref. |
Karnataka | 1.92* (-0.16–4.01) |  | 1.75* (-0.32–3.82) | 0.86 (-1.25–2.97) |
Maharashtra | 1.73 (-0.54–4.00) |  | 1.29 (-0.66–3.24) | 0.90 (-1.07–2.86) |
Rajasthan | -0.70 (-2.04–0.65) |  | 0.69 (-0.89–2.28) | 0.31 (-1.34–1.97) |
Uttar Pradesh | -0.56 (-2.15–1.02) |  | 0.30 (-1.43–2.02) | 0.24 (-1.57–2.06) |
West Bengal | 3.04*** (1.51–4.58) |  | 2.12*** (0.53–3.71) | 2.41*** (0.64–4.17) |
Constant |  | 53.7*** (52.3–55.0) | 51.8*** (48.8–54.7) | 49.6*** (44.6–54.6) |
Observations | Â | 3,364 | 3,364 | 3,249 |
R-squared | Â | 0.193 | 0.210 | 0.231 |