Table 3 Estimates from general linear models of cognitive functioning by background variables among older men SAGE- 2015
Variables | Unadjusted coefficients (95% CI) | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Adjusted coefficients (95% CI) | Adjusted coefficients (95% CI) | Adjusted coefficients (95% CI) | ||
Sleep quality | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Good | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
Moderate | -3.85*** (-5.69 - -2.02) | -2.56*** (-4.11 - -1.01) | -2.82*** (-4.24 - -1.39) | -2.39*** (-3.78 - -1.00) |
Poor | -5.09*** (-8.66 - -1.51) | -3.24* (-6.48–0.0037) | -3.75** (-6.63 - -0.87) | -2.34 (-5.41–0.74) |
Sleep duration | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Normal | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
Short | -5.43*** (-7.77 - -3.10) | -3.92*** (-6.11 - -1.72) | -4.35*** (-6.39 - -2.32) | -4.39*** (-6.46 - -2.31) |
Long | 0.47 (-1.13–2.06) | -0.0016 (-1.38–1.38) | 0.14 (-1.10–1.38) | 0.10 (-1.11–1.31) |
Age (in years) | Â | Â | Â | Â |
50–59 | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
60–69 | -4.41*** (-6.11 - -2.71) | -3.97*** (-5.50 - -2.43) | -3.53*** (-4.88 - -2.17) | -3.09*** (-4.46 - -1.72) |
70–79 | -6.71*** (-8.81 - -4.61) | -5.16*** (-7.20 - -3.13) | -5.53*** (-7.30 - -3.76) | -4.49*** (-6.30 - -2.68) |
80+ | -12.7*** (-15.6 - -9.76) | -10.4*** (-13.7 - -7.04) | -10.5*** (-13.6 - -7.38) | -9.22*** (-12.2 - -6.19) |
Level of education | Â | Â | Â | Â |
No formal education | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
Less than primary | 5.65*** (3.43–7.88) | 5.50*** (3.26–7.74) | 4.59*** (2.68–6.49) | 4.50*** (2.56–6.45) |
Primary | 7.56*** (5.82–9.30) | 6.88*** (5.10–8.65) | 5.78*** (4.15–7.41) | 5.67*** (4.03–7.30) |
Secondary | 12.2*** (9.89–14.5) | 11.7*** (9.46–13.9) | 9.75*** (7.87–11.6) | 9.77*** (7.96–11.6) |
High school | 10.8*** (9.27–12.4) | 10.0*** (8.34–11.7) | 8.71*** (6.94–10.5) | 8.26*** (6.51–10.0) |
College | 15.5*** (12.3–18.6) | 14.6*** (11.5–17.7) | 12.1*** (9.25–15.0) | 11.5*** (8.49–14.4) |
Current marital status | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Married | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
Widowed | -6.22*** (-8.10 - -4.33) | -2.89*** (-4.74 - -1.03) | -2.56*** (-4.39 - -0.73) | -2.52*** (-4.34 - -0.69) |
Others | -2.26 (-6.54–2.02) | -2.29 (-6.55–1.97) | -1.08 (-5.24–3.08) | -0.92 (-5.16–3.32) |
Nutritional intake (> 4 times per day) |  |  |  |  |
No | Ref. | Â | Â | Ref. |
Yes | 1.59** (0.046–3.14) |  |  | -0.0016 (-1.37–1.37) |
Body mass index | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Underweight | Ref. | Â | Â | Ref. |
Normal | 5.30*** (3.83–6.77) |  |  | 1.80*** (0.56–3.03) |
Overweight | 8.39*** (6.04–10.7) |  |  | 2.18** (0.23–4.12) |
Obese | 8.56*** (4.38–12.7) |  |  | 3.67** (0.52–6.81) |
Physical activity | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Vigorous | Ref. | Â | Â | Ref. |
Moderate | 0.23 (-2.10–2.56) |  |  | -0.20 (-1.89–1.50) |
Light | 1.20 (-0.81–3.20) |  |  | 0.39 (-1.29–2.07) |
None | -2.05** (-3.79 - -0.31) |  |  | -1.34* (-2.77–0.088) |
Self-rated health | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Very good | Ref. | Â | Â | Ref. |
Good | -4.63** (-9.11 - -0.15) |  |  | -2.63 (-5.90–0.64) |
Moderate | -8.64*** (-12.9 - -4.33) | Â | Â | -3.93** (-6.98 - -0.87) |
Bad | -12.0*** (-16.5 - -7.49) | Â | Â | -4.44** (-7.83 - -1.04) |
Very bad | -9.98*** (-15.9 - -4.09) |  |  | -3.84 (-9.57–1.89) |
Chronic conditions | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Zero | Ref. | Â | Â | Ref. |
Single | -0.81 (-2.39–0.78) |  |  | -0.48 (-1.67–0.71) |
Two | -0.88 (-3.09–1.32) |  |  | -1.06 (-3.03–0.90) |
Three and more | -2.93 (-6.64–0.78) |  |  | -2.56 (-5.66–0.54) |
Smoking | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Never | Ref. | Â | Â | Ref. |
Currently not | -1.37 (-3.24–0.50) |  |  | -0.91 (-2.42–0.60) |
Currently smoking | -1.08 (-2.81–0.65) |  |  | 0.35 (-0.98–1.68) |
Wealth quintile | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Poorest | Ref. | Â | Ref. | Ref. |
Poor | 3.90*** (1.72–6.08) |  | 1.33 (-0.35–3.00) | 1.21 (-0.50–2.92) |
Middle | 4.90*** (2.86–6.94) |  | 2.16** (0.40–3.92) | 1.95** (0.20–3.70) |
Rich | 5.81*** (3.88–7.75) |  | 2.14** (0.31–3.98) | 1.85** (0.020–3.68) |
Richest | 10.2*** (8.09–12.4) |  | 3.76*** (1.75–5.77) | 3.47*** (1.45–5.49) |
Religion | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Hindu | Ref. | Â | Ref. | Ref. |
Muslim | -0.85 (-2.75–1.04) |  | 2.18** (0.50–3.85) | 2.37*** (0.69–4.06) |
Others | -4.13* (-8.44–0.19) |  | -3.49 (-8.06–1.08) | -3.89* (-8.39–0.60) |
Social group | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Scheduled castes | Ref. | Â | Ref. | Ref. |
Scheduled tribes | 1.28 (-1.03–3.60) |  | 1.57 (-0.50–3.64) | 1.33 (-0.77–3.43) |
Other backward classes | 4.50*** (2.23–6.76) |  | 1.89* (-0.011–3.79) | 1.75* (-0.20–3.70) |
Others | 6.19*** (3.84–8.54) |  | 2.27** (0.21–4.32) | 2.20** (0.086–4.30) |
Place of residence | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Urban | Ref. | Â | Ref. | Ref. |
Rural | -6.10*** (-8.32 - -3.88) | Â | -2.25** (-4.07 - -0.43) | -2.24** (-4.03 - -0.46) |
States | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Assam | Ref. | Â | Ref. | Ref. |
Karnataka | -0.78 (-2.79–1.22) |  | -3.53*** (-5.73 - -1.33) | -4.30*** (-6.50 - -2.10) |
Maharashtra | 6.38*** (3.77–8.98) |  | 4.02*** (1.99–6.05) | 2.77*** (0.79–4.76) |
Rajasthan | 2.67*** (1.26–4.07) |  | 1.67* (-0.0037–3.35) | 1.12 (-0.61–2.85) |
Uttar Pradesh | 1.96** (0.42–3.51) |  | -0.59 (-2.37–1.19) | -1.13 (-3.02–0.76) |
West Bengal | 2.43*** (0.68–4.19) |  | -0.20 (-2.17–1.77) | -0.49 (-2.57–1.59) |
Constant |  | 56.7*** (55.1–58.3) | 54.8*** (51.7–57.8) | 58.2*** (53.6–62.8) |
Observations | Â | 3,000 | 3,000 | 2,909 |
R-squared | Â | 0.224 | 0.273 | 0.296 |